Barthes: 5 Narrative Codes

Barthes suggested that there will be one or more of the five codes that describe the meaning of a text. The texts may be 'open or 'closed'.

Hermeneutic/Enigma Code

• This code refers to mystery within a text. Clues are dropped, but not many answers are given.
• Enigmas within the narrative make the audience want to know more.
• Unanswered enigmas tend to frustrate the audience.

Proairetic/Action Code

• This code contains sequential elements of action in the text.
• Proairetic elements add suspense to the text.

Semantic Code

• This code refers to parts within the text that suggests or refers to additional meanings.
• Elements of the semantic code are called semes.
• The seme has a connotative function in the text. It has an extra layer of meaning in addition to its literal meaning.

Symbolic Code

• This code is about symbolism within a text.
• It creates opposites to show contrast and create greater meaning, creating tension, drama and character development.

Referential Code

• This code refers to anything in the text which refers to an external body of knowledge such as scientific, historical or cultural knowledge.